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Table 5 2SLS estimations. Baseline model with additional controls, eq. (2)

From: Illicit financial flows and the provision of child and maternal health services in low- and middle-income countries

Independent variables

Dependent variable

Family planning

(1)

Antenatal care

(2)

DTP3

(3)

Measles

(4)

Tuberculosis

(5)

Sanitation

(6)

ln Beds

(7)

ln Physic

(8)

Lag (IFFT)

−0.460b (0.040)

−0.312b (0.031)

− 0.307b (0.017)

− 0.334b (0.011)

0.113 (0.630)

0.193 (0.562)

0.002 (0.781)

0.007 (0.780)

ln GDPpc

−0.80 (0.775)

8.54c (0.000)

8.50c (0.000)

10.77c (0.000)

5.25c (0.000)

18.85c (0.000)

0.18b (0.025)

0.52b (0.034)

GIR female

0.314b (0.011)

0.134b (0.044)

0.185b (0.002)

0.051 (0.680)

− 0.016 (0.817)

− 0.982c (0.000)

− 0.012b (0.011)

− 0.060c (0.002)

Urban

0.754c (0.005)

0.122 (0.200)

−0.033 (0.750)

− 0.132 (0.214)

0.150 (0.160)

0.045 (0.872)

0.047 (0.499)

0.023 (0.129)

RESET test (p-value)

0.09 (0.770)

0.01 (0.942)

3.77 (0.057)

0.00 (0.984)

0.48 (0.492)

3.16 (0.081)

0.38 (0.542)

0.42 (0.518)

K-P rk LM (p-value)

14.91 (0.001)

15.11 (0.000)

16.18 (0.001)

26.00 (0.000)

14.85 (0.000)

12.49 (0.002)

23.62 (0.000)

12.51 (0.000)

K-P rk F (S-Y 10% max. IV size)

24.09 (19.93)

9.74 (19.45)

12.05 (16.87)

14.79 (16.87)

26.27 (19.93)

9.49 (13.43)

786.81 (13.43)

12.99 (19.93)

J statistic (p-value)

0.29 (0.592)

4.72 (0.193)

1.26 (0.534)

1.15 (0.563)

0.12 (0.735)

0.00 (0.997)

0.02 (0.894)

0.18 (0.670)

# Countries

67

60

67

67

67

66

60

62

  1. Estimated coefficients and statistics, p-values in brackets. a Denotes coefficient statistically significant at the 10% level, b at the 5% level, and c at the 1% level. Standard errors and covariance are heteroscedasticity-consistent. RESET is the regression equation specification error (heteroscedastic-robust) test designed to test for missing (excluded) regressors. It also has great power to detect non-linearities in the model. Thus, rejection of the null hypothesis could be due to either a nonlinearity or an omitted explanatory variable. The model is identified if the heteroscedasticity-robust Kleinbergen-Paap rk LM statistic for underidentification test (K-P rk LM) rejects the null hypothesis. If the robust Kleinbergen-Paap rk Wald F statistic for weak identification test (K-P rk F) is greater than the Stock and Yogo [60] critical value (S-Y 10% max. IV size), then the null hypothesis of weak instruments can be rejected. The null hypothesis of the robust Hansen’s J statistic is that the instruments are uncorrelated with the error term and that excluded instruments are correctly excluded from the estimated equation. The excluded instruments used in the estimations for the instrumented variables are as follows (lagged values of variables (lag) refer to averages of variables for the period 2002–2007):
  2. - Column (1). Instrumented: Urban. Excluded instruments: lag (Births attended), lag (Labour force participation rate, female)
  3. - Column (2): Instrumented: lag (IFFT), ln GDPpc. Excluded instruments: lag (IFF/Population), lag (CPI), lag (Births attended), lag (Urban), lag (ln GDPpc)
  4. - Column (3): Instrumented: lag (IFFT), Urban. Excluded instruments: lag (IFF/Population), lag (CPI), lag (Labour force participation rate, female), lag (Urban)
  5. - Column (4): Instrumented: lag (IFFT), ln GDPpc. Excluded instruments: lag (IFF/Population), lag (CPI), lag (Labour force participation rate, female), lag (Births attended)
  6. - Column (5): Instrumented: lag (IFFT). Excluded instruments: lag (IFF/Population), lag (CPI)
  7. - Column (6): Instrumented: GIR female, ln GDPpc. Instruments: lag (Labour force participation rate, female), Births attended, lag (GDPpc)
  8. - Column (7): Instrumented: Urban, ln GDPpc. Excluded instruments: lag (Urban), lag (ln GDPpc), Labour force participation rate, female
  9. - Column (8): Instrumented: GIR female. Excluded instruments: ln Population, Labour force participation rate, female
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