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Table 2 Panel unit root test results

From: Health expenditure, child and maternal mortality nexus: a comparative global analysis

Cross-sectional Augmented IPS (CIPS*) (Trend)

Dep.Variables HE

IMR

MMR

U5MR

LFE

Income Groups

Level

1st Diff

Level

1st Diff

Level

1st Diff

Level

1st Diff

Level

1st Diff

GL

−2.13

− 3.74*

− 2.42

− 3.31*

− 2.54

− 4.26*

− 2.65

− 2.88*

− 2.95*

− 3.83*

LY

− 2.70

− 4.27*

−2.38

− 2.72*

− 1.90

− 3.33*

−2.04

− 2.71*

−2.85*

− 2.77*

LM

−2.44

− 3.44*

− 2.53

−2.98*

− 2.09

− 3.16*

− 3.23*

3.86*

− 3.11*

− 3.98*

HM

− 2.52

− 3.54*

− 2.12

−2.95*

− 2.36

− 4.42*

−2.17

− 2.96*

− 3.98*

− 4.13*

HY

− 1.49

− 2.94*

−2.02

− 3.09*

2.75*

− 5.12*

− 2.21

− 3.02*

− 2.73*

− 4.42*

Harris–Tsavalis (HT) (Trend)

Dep. Variables HE

IMR

MMR

U5MR

LFE

Income Groups

Level

1st Diff

Level

1st Diff

Level

1st Diff

Level

1st Diff

Level

1st Diff

GL

5.51

−16.51*

8.52

− 5.42*

12.34

9.13+

− 12.27*

−41.78*

13.98

6.05+

LY

1.07

− 13.35*

0.61

− 14.90*

6.02

5.22+

−13.20*

− 27.22*

8.87

6.69+

LM

4.17

−12.82*

7.12

5.54+

5.71

−5.79*

6.09

−7.17*

12.12

10.27+

HM

2.97

−10.25*

5.34

3.62+

5.92

−3.88*

5.93

3.29

1.68

−4.33*

HY

3.23

−10.26*

6.99

−5.16*

− 0.66

− 15.58*

6.88

5.92

4.37

−7.24*

Cross-sectional Augmented IPS (CIPS*) (Constant)

Dep. Variables HE

IMR

MMR

U5MR

LFE

Income Groups

Level

1st Diff

Level

1st Diff

Level

1st Diff

Level

1st Diff

Level

1st Diff

GL

−2.20*

−3.69*

−2.47*

− 2.53*

−2.42*

−3.68*

− 2.78*

−2.45*

− 2.12

−3.17*

LY

−3.16*

−4.37*

−2.78*

− 2.45*

−1.36

−2.50*

− 2.39*

2.31*

− 3.33*

− 2.88*

LM

− 2.82*

−3.79*

− 2.44*

−2.32*

− 2.09

−3.17*

− 3.23*

−2.51*

−1.14

−3.10*

HM

−3.25*

−3.57*

−2.30*

--2.61*

−2.63*

−3.80*

−2.42*

−1.81

−1.87

−4.18*

HY

−1.83

−3.41*

−2.03*

−3.10*

−2.75*

−4.63*

− 2.32*

− 3.02*

−2.38*

− 4.23*

Harris–Tsavalis (HT) (Constant)

Dep. Variables HE

IMR

MMR

U5MR

LFE

Income Groups

Level

1st Diff

Level

1st Diff

Level

1st Diff

Level

1st Diff

Level

1st Diff

GL

11.05

−54.82*

10.16

−64.33*

9.35

−27.68*

6.72

−98.98*

12.27

−27.33*

LY

2.51

−16.51*

8.51

−5.41*

9.34

−27.68*

6.72

−98.97*

6.88

−30.25*

LM

4.17

−12.82*

7.21

−6.35*

3.83

−32.64*

5.27

−27.17*

7.08

1.13+

HM

2.87

−10.16*

5.27

3.57+

1.51

−5.46*

5.01

−7.91*

6.20

−34.49*

HY

11.05

−54.82*

10.16

−64.32*

9.34

−27.68*

6.72

−98.97*

11.00

−27.33*

  1. Notes: *Significant at the 5% confidence interval. +Not stationary at 1st difference. The optimal lag used for CIPS* test was based on MBIC and MAIC lag selection criteria. For the CIPS test the results of trend option are presented and the HT test the ‘Demean’ option was used to control for cross-sectional means. Here, HE Health expenditure per capita, GL Global, LY Low-income, LM Lower-middle, HM Higher-middle and HY High-income countries