From: Health expenditure, child and maternal mortality nexus: a comparative global analysis
Cross-sectional Augmented IPS (CIPS*) (Trend) | ||||||||||
Dep.Variables HE | IMR | MMR | U5MR | LFE | ||||||
Income Groups | Level | 1st Diff | Level | 1st Diff | Level | 1st Diff | Level | 1st Diff | Level | 1st Diff |
GL | −2.13 | − 3.74* | − 2.42 | − 3.31* | − 2.54 | − 4.26* | − 2.65 | − 2.88* | − 2.95* | − 3.83* |
LY | − 2.70 | − 4.27* | −2.38 | − 2.72* | − 1.90 | − 3.33* | −2.04 | − 2.71* | −2.85* | − 2.77* |
LM | −2.44 | − 3.44* | − 2.53 | −2.98* | − 2.09 | − 3.16* | − 3.23* | 3.86* | − 3.11* | − 3.98* |
HM | − 2.52 | − 3.54* | − 2.12 | −2.95* | − 2.36 | − 4.42* | −2.17 | − 2.96* | − 3.98* | − 4.13* |
HY | − 1.49 | − 2.94* | −2.02 | − 3.09* | 2.75* | − 5.12* | − 2.21 | − 3.02* | − 2.73* | − 4.42* |
Harris–Tsavalis (HT) (Trend) | ||||||||||
Dep. Variables HE | IMR | MMR | U5MR | LFE | ||||||
Income Groups | Level | 1st Diff | Level | 1st Diff | Level | 1st Diff | Level | 1st Diff | Level | 1st Diff |
GL | 5.51 | −16.51* | 8.52 | − 5.42* | 12.34 | 9.13+ | − 12.27* | −41.78* | 13.98 | 6.05+ |
LY | 1.07 | − 13.35* | 0.61 | − 14.90* | 6.02 | 5.22+ | −13.20* | − 27.22* | 8.87 | 6.69+ |
LM | 4.17 | −12.82* | 7.12 | 5.54+ | 5.71 | −5.79* | 6.09 | −7.17* | 12.12 | 10.27+ |
HM | 2.97 | −10.25* | 5.34 | 3.62+ | 5.92 | −3.88* | 5.93 | 3.29 | 1.68 | −4.33* |
HY | 3.23 | −10.26* | 6.99 | −5.16* | − 0.66 | − 15.58* | 6.88 | 5.92 | 4.37 | −7.24* |
Cross-sectional Augmented IPS (CIPS*) (Constant) | ||||||||||
Dep. Variables HE | IMR | MMR | U5MR | LFE | ||||||
Income Groups | Level | 1st Diff | Level | 1st Diff | Level | 1st Diff | Level | 1st Diff | Level | 1st Diff |
GL | −2.20* | −3.69* | −2.47* | − 2.53* | −2.42* | −3.68* | − 2.78* | −2.45* | − 2.12 | −3.17* |
LY | −3.16* | −4.37* | −2.78* | − 2.45* | −1.36 | −2.50* | − 2.39* | 2.31* | − 3.33* | − 2.88* |
LM | − 2.82* | −3.79* | − 2.44* | −2.32* | − 2.09 | −3.17* | − 3.23* | −2.51* | −1.14 | −3.10* |
HM | −3.25* | −3.57* | −2.30* | --2.61* | −2.63* | −3.80* | −2.42* | −1.81 | −1.87 | −4.18* |
HY | −1.83 | −3.41* | −2.03* | −3.10* | −2.75* | −4.63* | − 2.32* | − 3.02* | −2.38* | − 4.23* |
Harris–Tsavalis (HT) (Constant) | ||||||||||
Dep. Variables HE | IMR | MMR | U5MR | LFE | ||||||
Income Groups | Level | 1st Diff | Level | 1st Diff | Level | 1st Diff | Level | 1st Diff | Level | 1st Diff |
GL | 11.05 | −54.82* | 10.16 | −64.33* | 9.35 | −27.68* | 6.72 | −98.98* | 12.27 | −27.33* |
LY | 2.51 | −16.51* | 8.51 | −5.41* | 9.34 | −27.68* | 6.72 | −98.97* | 6.88 | −30.25* |
LM | 4.17 | −12.82* | 7.21 | −6.35* | 3.83 | −32.64* | 5.27 | −27.17* | 7.08 | 1.13+ |
HM | 2.87 | −10.16* | 5.27 | 3.57+ | 1.51 | −5.46* | 5.01 | −7.91* | 6.20 | −34.49* |
HY | 11.05 | −54.82* | 10.16 | −64.32* | 9.34 | −27.68* | 6.72 | −98.97* | 11.00 | −27.33* |