Table 3 Summary of risk factors for depression, PTSD, or unspecified anxiety from univariate and multivariate analysis of studies included in the reviewa,b
From: Long-term mental health of war-refugees: a systematic literature review
| Â | Depression | PTSD | Unspecified anxiety | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor | Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate |
Demographics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 older age | + (4/11; 36 %) | + (2/9; 22 %) | + (5/8; 63 %) | + (2/6; 33 %) | + (2/5; 40 %) | + (1/5; 20 %) |
 female gender | + (3/9; 33 %) | + (4/9; 44 %) | + (1/6; 17 %)/–(1/6; 17 %) | + (2/6; 33 %)/–(1/6; 17 %) | + (2/7; 29 %) | + (5/7; 71 %) |
 lower education | + (3/5; 60 %) | + (1/7; 14 %) | + (3/4; 75 %) | + (1/4; 25 %) | 0 (0/1; 0 %) | 0 (0/3; 0 %) |
War context | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 number of war traumatic events | + (7/9; 78 %) | + (9/12; 73 %) | + (9/10; 90 %) | + (9/9; 100 %) | + (5/5; 100 %) | + (8/9; 89 %) |
 combat experience | + (1/3; 33 %) | + (1/3; 33 %)/–(1/3; 33 %) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Post–migratin context |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 longer duration in exile | – (2/10; 20 %) | + (2/7; 29 %) | 0 (0/7; 0 %) | 0 (0/4; 0 %) | – (1/3; 33 %) | + (2/3; 67 %) |
 post-migration stress | + (3/4; 75 %) | + (3/3; 100 %) | + (3/3; 100 %) | + (3/4; 75 %) | + (1/1; 100 %) | + (3/3; 100 %) |
 unemploymet | + (5/6; 83 %) | + (5/6; 83 %) | + (2/4; 50 %) | 0 (0/3; 0 %) | + (1/2; 50 %) | + (2/3; 67 %) |
 low income | + (3/4; 75 %) | + (3/4; 75 %) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
 poor host language proficiency | + (3/4; 75 %) | + (3/5; 60 %) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
 lack of social support | + (2/2; 100 %) | + (3/3; 100 %) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
 unmarrid | + (2/4; 50 %) | + (2/4; 50 %) | + (1/3; 33 %) | 0 (0/4; 0 %) | + (1/1; 100 %) | 0 (0/3; 0 %) |