Codes | Basic themes identified | Organizing themes | Global themes |
---|---|---|---|
-There is joy in pregnancy and childbirth. | 1. Pregnancy and childbirth are fulfilling biological functions women perform | 1. Pregnancy and childbirth is role fulfilment, self actualization and empowerment | Muslim Women’s experiences of pregnancy and childbirth |
-Women feel accomplished in giving birth safely. | |||
-A woman can die while pregnant or giving birth | 2. Pregnancy and Childbirth is dangerous – you either die or live | 2. Pregnancy and childbirth can be a dangerous event | |
-Pregnancy and childbirth is an anxious phase of a woman’s life | |||
-Pregnancy makes women highly dependent on others | |||
-A pregnant woman needs care, love and empathy to be able to deliver safely | 3. Care during pregnancy is important for safe delivery | 3. Muslim women want skilled attendance at birth | |
-Women should go to hospital when pregnant | 4. Hospital delivery is good | ||
-It is good to deliver in a hospital | |||
-Midwives can help to deliver women safely | |||
-Muslim women are required to preserve bodily sanctity | 5. It is a religious duty in Islam for women to preserve bodily sanctity | 4. Religious obligation to maintain bodily sanctity limits Muslim women’s ability to access skilled care | Barriers to accessibility and utilisation of skilled maternal healthcare services by Muslim women |
-Muslim women must dress properly | |||
-Muslim women must cover up their bodies | |||
-Covering is one of the religious rules and duties in Islam | |||
- People who bear no relationship with Muslim women must not see their nakedness | |||
-There is no privacy in hospital birth | 6. Muslim women values privacy in health facilities when accessing maternal healthcare services | 5. Lack of privacy in health facilities is a disincentive for Muslim women’s use of skilled care | |
-Privacy is not given attention in health facilities | |||
-It is difficult to fulfil Islamic requirement to preserve bodily sanctity | |||
-There is privacy in homebirth but not in hospitals | |||
-TBAs usually cover the perineal area of a labouring woman’s vagina | |||
-Caregivers do not ask how Muslim women feel | 7. Muslim women want respect when receiving maternal healthcare services | 6. Healthcare providers’ insensitivities to Muslim women’s needs and concerns limit their access to skilled care | |
-Nurses are disrespectful | |||
-Caregivers disrespect and disregard Muslim women’s preferences and cultural values relating to pregnancy and childbirth | |||
-Caregivers do not take Muslim women’s religious and cultural needs into account | |||
-Maltreatment and scolding is dehumanizing | |||
-Caregivers want women to obey instructions without question | |||
-Caregivers must respect their clients | |||
-Circumcision of male infants is a requirement in Islam | 8. Culturally and religiously inappropriate care and health information does not promote effective communication between caregivers and Muslim women | ||
- Information on circumcision is usually unavailable in health facilities | |||
-There is poor communication between women and caregivers | |||
-Caregivers lack understanding of Muslim women’s religious needs | |||
-Muslim women alone do not make decisions regarding access to skilled care | 9. Muslim women lack decision-making autonomy and depend on other people to making decisions regarding use of skilled care services | 7. Muslim women’s lack of decision-making autonomy constrains their access to, and use of skilled maternal healthcare services | |
-Urban women participate more in decision-making | |||
-Women with secondary or higher participate more in decision-making | |||
-Husbands are important decision-makers | |||
-Mothers-in-law play crucial roles in decision-making | |||
-Women must be submissive | |||
-Women must be obedient |